The Fascinating Finds of Shahr-e Sukhteh

The Burnt City (Shahr-e Sukhteh), a prehistoric site located near Zabol in southeastern Iran, continues to astonish archaeologists with its remarkable discoveries. Among its most extraordinary findings is a 5,000-year-old prosthetic eye, shedding light on the advanced craftsmanship, medical knowledge, and cultural sophistication of the civilization that thrived there.

Discovery and Historical Context

In December 2006, archaeologists unearthed a female skeleton wearing an artificial eye in her left socket. Estimated to have lived between 2900 and 2800 BCE, this woman stood an impressive 1.82 meters tall—much taller than the average woman of her time. Her reconstructed face, created by Iranian and Italian researchers using advanced forensic and computer programs, was unveiled at Rome’s National Museum of Oriental Art during an exhibition attended by prominent Iranian and Italian officials.

The Burnt City, dating back 5,200 years, is Iran’s largest prehistoric site, spanning more than 300,000 hectares. This settlement saw four distinct civilizations before being abandoned after its final destruction by fire. Known for groundbreaking discoveries like the world’s oldest animated picture and a backgammon set, the city also boasts evidence of advanced societal organization, craftsmanship, and trade networks.

Design and Craftsmanship of the Eye

The artificial eyeball, with a hemispherical shape and a diameter of just over 2.5 cm, was made from an extremely light material. Its surface was coated with a thin golden layer, engraved with a central circle to represent the iris. Radiating lines resembling sun rays surrounded the pupil, showcasing a deep understanding of aesthetics and symbolism.

The prosthetic was held in place by a golden thread that passed through tiny holes on either side of the eye. Microscopic analysis revealed imprints of these threads on the woman’s eye socket, confirming that the prosthesis had been worn during her lifetime. The material’s durability allowed the prosthetic to survive thousands of years with minimal deterioration.

Significance and Societal Implications

This unique prosthetic eye demonstrates the remarkable innovation and artistry of the Burnt City’s inhabitants. The use of golden threads and detailed craftsmanship points to the woman’s elite status within society. The rich grave goods accompanying her burial further highlight her social prominence.

The woman’s height and the complexity of the prosthetic suggest she was likely a notable figure, potentially holding a special role in her community. The presence of this advanced medical device also speaks volumes about the civilization’s understanding of both medicine and aesthetics, illustrating their respect for individuality and beauty.

Advanced Medical and Cultural Practices

The discovery of the prosthetic eye is not the only testament to the advanced practices of the Burnt City. Researchers have also uncovered evidence of successful cranial surgery, intricate burial rituals, and highly skilled artisanship in woodworking and inlay techniques. The city maintained extensive trade networks, evidenced by artifacts such as an ebony gameboard resembling chess, imported from distant regions like India.

A Scientific and Cultural Marvel

The unveiling of the reconstructed face of the Burnt City’s prosthetic eye owner at Rome’s National Museum of Oriental Art marked a significant milestone in archaeological and cultural studies. Professor Lorenzo Costantini, an Italian archaeobotanist, highlighted the interdisciplinary collaboration behind the project, which combined archaeology, forensic science, and computer technology.

Legacy of the Burnt City

The Burnt City continues to be a treasure trove of ancient innovations, from the oldest known prosthetic eye to the earliest examples of animation and gaming tools. This unique site, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014, stands as a testament to the ingenuity and complexity of the civilizations that once thrived in southeastern Iran.

The prosthetic eye of the Burnt City serves not only as a symbol of early medical and artistic achievements but also as a poignant reminder of humanity’s enduring quest for innovation, identity, and self-expression.